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A. blockquote5ӓ XArial (TT)CG Times (WN)CG Times (WN) (Italic)CG Times (WN) (Bold)CG Times (WN) (Bold Italic)2k@^@b@_e@h"5@^18PSS888S8888SSSSSSSSSS88Sffoxf_xx8Jo\oxfxfS\xff\\888SSSSSJSJ.SS..J.xSSSS@@.SJoJJ@JSJS11SSSESSSfSfSfSfSfSooJfJfJfJfJ8.8.8.8.oSxSxSxSxSxSxSxSxS1JfSxSxSxS\JxSfSfSfSfSoJoJoSfSfSfSxSxSxxSxSxSxSSSSSSSJoJ\.\EoSoSxS11f@fES@11N1LSS8SMMSS1SSS:SSS:8811111111111118:t8[[ee*S\-wSMMn[Cfx\xWkRx[\[ceIfIs`Wx[rriwheddddddddddddddddddd18PSS888S8888SSSSSSSSSS88Sffoxf_xx8Jo\oxfxfS\xff\\888SSSSSJSJ.SS..J.xSSSS@@.SJoJJ@JSJS1111111111111111188111111111111118SSSSSSSSSM8SSS::S\SLS:SMSffffffoffff8888xoxxxxxxxxxx\fSSSSSSSoJJJJJ....SSSSSSSSSSSSJS"5@^;C\ccCCCcCCCCccccccccccCCDZY}}vCM}rk}CCCcccYcYcYCcc77c7ccccJM7ccccYYcYc;;!cccRcccYYYYYY}Y}Y}Y}YC7C7C7C7ccccccccc;cYcccccrccccYYc}c}c}cccccccccccccMc}7}Rccc;;JRkM;;N;\ccCYQQcc;cccFcccFCC;;;;;;;;;;;;;CFtCnnyy2co6cQQnCzohbnonvyXzXshn~|yxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx;C\ccCCCcCCCCccccccccccCCDZY}}vCM}rk}CCCcccYcYcYCcc77c7ccccJM7ccccYYcYc;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;CC;;;;;;;;;;;;;;CcccccccccQCcccFFcoc\cFcQY}}}}CCCCrcYYYYYYYYYYY7777cccccccccccccc"5@^#(7<t@#d P7P# y (ddd yCalifornia's Ocean Resources: An Agenda for the FutureTJT$5I: Information Technology  zP-The Resources Agency of California-G5I؃JT$July 1995 (Draft)ă X   X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:t@# P7P#  a<y ddd y5I: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY #Xx P7;XP#  X-  U<Ideally, California's natural resource managers should have at their immediate disposal the best available data and information for resource management, planning, and regulatory efforts. However, in reality these managers are often forced to develop plans or implement regulatory policies based on generalized, incomplete, and sometimes inconsistent information. Ocean managers, unlike their counterparts on land, are faced with the onerous task of tracking resources that may lie above, below, or on the surface of the sea, in addition to the land resources that impact the ocean ecosystem. For the regulated community, project costs on land or offshore can increase if environmental, economic, engineering, or regulatory information necessary to determine project feasibility or acceptability is not available. Timely access to geographically located information is critical for both policy makers and others who need to rapidly assemble the complicated scientific, planning, or regulatory processes that apply to a certain geographic area. Many technologies currently in place or being developed are revolutionizing the way we gather and analyze information about California's natural resources.  Y-   a<# P7P# BACKGROUND  Y-#X PjU;XP# Information about the earth's surface has been placed on maps for thousands of years. However,  Ys-the type of information and its use has evolved substantially in recent times. Originally, maps were used primarily as aids to navigation, but they have become increasingly important for depicting jurisdictional boundaries, land ownership, topography, land uses, social and demographic data, population and natural resources distribution, air and water quality patterns, and many other features relevant to public and private decision making. The complications involved with maintaining all this information on one map required the development of theme, or thematic, maps to display given  Y-categories of information. For a resource manager this could mean having a set of maps for wetlands, another for topography, and yet another to depict jurisdictional boundaries. A computerized geographic information system (GIS) allows multiple sets of information to be placed on a series of electronic maps which can then be viewed and manipulated alone or in combination with other thematic information layers. This ability to layer geographic information becomes particularly important for ocean management because multidimensional data about the ocean surface, water column, and ocean floor can be displayed individually or together on computergenerated maps, which can be revised almost instantly, rather than requiring the traditional hours or days to change or recreate a map.  Y$- Resource managers, researchers, and members of the public are also interested in the ability to gain instant access to natural resource data and to transfer data immediately to specific locations where it can be used. This chapter describes the California Environmental Resources Evaluation System and the Department of Fish and Game's (DFG) statewide GIS, systems which will improve the quality of, and access to, geographically located information about California's ocean ecosystem.  Xy)- Xy)-**@)3S$[CXԌ a<ԙ# P7P#ISSUE ANALYSIS #Xx P7;XP#  X- California Environmental Resources Evaluation System  Y- The Resources Agency of California developed and operates a computerized information system for natural and cultural resource information known as the California Environmental Resources  Y-Evaluation System (CERES).   The CERES is a collaborative system designed to coordinate information about California's natural resources and direct access to such information over computerized "electronic highways." The CERES network is not a new computer system; rather, it integrates information from existing systems and makes it accessible to members of the public over the Internet. The CERES provides access to scientific facts, figures, and findings from data developed at state, national, and international levels, including satellite imagery and photography, environmental impact reports, and census land ownership, vegetation, and wildlife databases. The CERES also provides access to environmental information from the constituent departments of the Resources Agency and facilitates access to such analytical tools and services as geographic information systems, electronic data catalogues, ecological and economic projections, and funding or technical assistance directories. The CERES has formed partnerships with a number of environmental data providers to work toward a seamless system for allowing broad access to environmental information, while data providers remain custodians of the information they produce. In addition to working with a number of partners, a cohesive environmental information system must work with different data types. The CERES includes text, tabular data, photographs, and geographic information system files. The challenge now is to efficiently develop and store this information for coastal and ocean areas using  Y-consistent and transferable formats so that it can be easily located, retrieved, and made accessible to  Y-both the public and private sector.  #Xx PE37;XP# The complexity of the marine and coastal environments, combined with the multitude of ocean uses and the voluminous data that exist for these areas, suggest many useful management applications for the CERES and other information management tools, such as the DFG's statewide GIS.  Yo-  XX- DFG Statewide GIS Approach  Y*- The DFG is currently developing a statewide GIS program which will include an ocean component and be an integral part of the CERES. The program will provide a system designed, as much as possible, to be compatible with ongoing GIS development efforts by other federal, State, and local agencies, as well as academic, private and nonprofit groups. Some applications of this GIS effort include resources inventory and assessment, hazardous materials incident response, species/habitat relationships, environmental review, legislative analysis, DFG patrol effort assessment, project and contract tracking and planning, and land acquisition planning and management. The ocean component will cover the entire 1,100 miles of California coast and will provide information at a level of detail useful for addressing a variety of regional ocean and coastal management concerns. The DFG is in the process of determining the types of ocean and coastal data which will be included in the ocean component. Ocean management requires access to multidimensional data regarding both ocean and land resources, including data concerning air quality above the water, navigation on")-**'" the surface of the water, pollution in the water column, the presence of marine life on the ocean floor, and the characterization of geological formations beneath the ocean floor. Information sources include marine resource inventories developed by federal, State, and local agencies, private industry data for ocean projects, and university data compiled during marine research efforts. For example, extensive industry data has been developed to support oil and gas development, power plant siting, offshore liquefied natural gas facilities, and offshore mineral leasing proposals. Initial categories of data being considered for incorporation into the GIS ocean component include:  Y1-,PBiological. This could include ocean (such as intertidal, benthic, kelp beds), estuarine (such as estuaries, bays, lagoons), riverine (such as aquatic communities, anadromous fish habitats, exotic fishes), and terrestrial data (such as native vegetation, rare/threatened species).T$  Y -,PPhysical. This could include data on winds, currents, temperatures, bathymetry, regions of upwelling, hydrography, elevations, and land uses.T$  Y-,PFacilities. This could include data on roads, pipelines, petroleum refineries and storage, sewage treatment plants and outfall structures, power plants, and recreational facilities.T$  YQ-,PConsumptive Uses. This could include commercial fishing, recreational fishing, and kelp harvesting data.T$  Y-,PJurisdictions. This could include data on the coastal zone, city and county boundaries, marine managed areas, DFG fish blocks, State tidelands, the territorial sea, and the Exclusive Economic Zone. T$ To create an ocean decision support system which makes use of numerous multidimensional data sources, many technologies and software tools will be necessary. Since it may take years to complete this statewide system, it was determined by the Resources Agency and DFG that the State could benefit from a regional pilot project which would be operational in a much shorter time period.  YA- Regional GIS Pilot Project Monterey Bay. The goal of this pilot project is to establish a complete GIS for a specific portion of the coast within one year of completing this Agenda.  Y-Monterey Bay was chosen for the following reasons:  Y-P/XdThe Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (MBNMS) was recently designated, to which the State of California has committed providing a high level of assistance for its management. The Resources Agency of California, California Environmental Protection Agency, California Coastal Commission (Coastal Commission), DFG, State Water Resources Control Board, and Regional Water Quality Control Boards are currently providing assistance through the MBNMS Advisory Council. In addition, these agencies are also represented on the MBNMS Water Quality Task Force and Policy Working Group which were established to help develop a water quality management plan for the MBNMS. T$  Y(-P/XdThe MBNMS is blessed with an impressive diversity of unique and valuable marine resources. A substantial amount of data and information has been developed in the region")-**'" that could be incorporated into a GIS and used to assist in the management of the MBNMS. For example, the Coastal Commission is currently using Monterey Bay as a pilot area to conduct a Regional Cumulative Assessment Project to determine how shoreline armoring, public access, and wetlands have changed over time. This information is being used to develop future management strategies.T$  YH-P/XdOther entities, such as the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, Santa Cruz and Monterey counties, the Association of Monterey Bay Area Governments,  p UC p  Santa Cruz, the Coastal Commission, and local nonprofit groups, have been working to develop computerbased geographic information systems. This plethora of activity presents a unique opportunity to identify existing data, help facilitate data transfer, avoid duplication of efforts, and maximize the utility and consistency of ongoing activities in the region.T$ This pilot project is an opportunity to complete one phase in establishing a statewide GIS. The system will be designed at a level of detail consistent with the needs and budgetary constraints of a statewide effort. However, Monterey Bay presents some exceptional opportunities to ensure that this effort is compatible with more specific ongoing projects in the region.  Y4<  Integration With SiteSpecific Data Sources. One new application of advanced technology in the Monterey Bay area is a current project that uses National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) satellite and overflight imagery to evaluate trends in coastal processes (i.e. erosion, modification of water courses, and vegetation changes) within the Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve. The Resources Agency, NASA, Coastal Commission, and Cooperative Institute for Research in Integrated Ocean Science are working together on this project. This effort is producing geographic information that exceeds in detail all previously produced information in the region and it could provide a model for future analysis of shoreline processes in other coastal regions of the State. Other ongoing sitespecific efforts in the Elkhorn Slough include a study by the University of California at Santa Cruz to assess the estuarine effects of converting to sustainable agricultural practices, and hydromodification studies being conducted by the Moss Landing Marine Laboratory to determine ways to reduce erosion of valuable wetland resources in the region. The DFG will consider how to incorporate or reference these projects and their high resolution information during preparation of the pilot GIS project in Monterey Bay.  a < # P7P#FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS  X"- #Xx P7;XP#Finding  U$<  California will benefit substantially by developing and using innovative technical approaches to increase our understanding of California's ocean ecosystem, as well as developing methods to  Y&<display, analyze, and communicate this information. These technical innovations will improve the efficiency and effectiveness of California's ocean ecosystem management. The pilot GIS being developed by the Department of Fish and Game in the Monterey Bay Area will provide a system to demonstrate the many applications of this technology for ocean management efforts. Developing an"?)-**A(" ocean resources geographic information system should continue to be a top priority, as it will provide a critical management tool for ocean managers and will be an important component of the CERES.